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Thrombosis

Description

Thrombosis is when a thrombus forms and partially, or completely, blocks a blood vessel or a cavity of the heart. During hemorrhage this is a lifesaving process, but any other time it may become a life threatening event. The occluded vessel decreases the blood supply to an organ or extremity, which can result in tissue death. A thrombus in one or more of the blood vessels serving the heart can result in a myocardial infarction or commonly known as a heart attack. Alternately, the thrombus may detach and be carried along the circulatory system, occluding a vessel in another location. This condition is then known as embolism.

Thrombi form most commonly in the veins, especially as a complication of varicose veins where blood passage through the blood vessel is slowed. A thrombus formed in an artery is usually the result of damage to the arterial wall, as in the case of atherosclerosis. Anticoagulant drugs are frequently used in the prevention and treatment of thrombosis.

Phlebitis means inflammation of a vein: thrombo-phlebitis, therefore, is when a blood clot forms in a vein.

Causes

Some of the causes include: physical or emotional stress, aging, arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, obesity, sedentary life style, heredity, angina and atherosclerosis risk factors such as high cholesterol levels, hypertension and cigarette smoking.

Signs & Symptoms

Signs and symptoms include: chest pain; sensation of constriction in the central chest area, which can vary in intensity from a feeling of tightness to one of agonizing, crushing or bursting; chest pain which can be continuous or last only a few minutes, fade, and then recur (the pain commonly spreads to the back, jaw and left arm); and pain accompanied by shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, dizziness and pallor.

Some individuals experience a heart attack without any symptoms.

Nutritional Supplements

Structure & Function:
        Antioxidants
        Essential Fatty Acids &
        Circulatory Support


---------------------------------
General Supplements
---------------------------------

AdultChild/Adolescent
Bioflavonoid 500 - 1,000 mg n/a
EPO 1 - 3 g n/a
Fish oils 4 - 6 g n/a
Vitamin C1,000 - 3,000 mg n/a
Vitamin E 400 - 800 IU n/a



Note: All amounts are in addition to those supplements having a Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). Due to individual needs, one must always be aware of a possible undetermined effect when taking nutritional supplements. If any disturbances from the use of a particular supplement should occur, stop its use immediately and seek the care of a qualified health care professional.

Dietary Considerations

Some foods may prevent thrombi when eaten in sufficient quantity by inhibiting the aggregation of blood platelets. The Low Fat Diet (Pritikin) is recommended.

The following foods should be stressed in the diet:

Onion
Garlic
Ginger - ground
Mackerel
Salmon

Warfarin, a coumarin, inhibits the formation of prothrombin in the liver. It is extremely effective in the treatment of thrombosis or phlebiis. An individual on warfarin must abstain from alcohol and restrict his or her intake of vitamin K-rich foods, such as:

CabbageCheese
CauliflowerFish
Dark green leafy vegetablesSoybean
Egg yolkSoybean oil



Smokers who use oral contraceptives are at increased risk for thrombi and coronary heart disease. Blood clots, which sometime form in response to injury, tend to be of larger size in these individuals. These thrombi are more likely to occlude a blood vessel, producing a heart attack or ischemia.

Homeopathic Remedy

1.* Cactus grandiflorus - 15C
2.* Lachesis mutus tinct. - 30C
3. Crotalus horridus

Treatment Schedule

Doses cited are to be administered on a 3X daily schedule, unless otherwise indicated. Dose usually continued for 2 weeks. Liquid preparations usually use 8-10 drops per dose. Solid preps are usually 3 pellets per dose. Children use 1/2 dose.

Legend

X = 1 to 10 dilution - weak (triturition)
C = 1 to 100 dilution - weak (potency)
M = 1 to 1 million dilution (very strong)
X or C underlined means it is most useful potency
Asterisk (*) = Primary remedy. Means most necessary remedy. There may be more than one remedy - if so, use all of them.

References

Boericke, D.E., 1988. Homeopathic Materia Medica.

Coulter, C.R., 1986. Portraits of Homeopathic Medicines.

Kent, J.T., 1989. Repertory of the Homeopathic Materia Medica.

Koehler, G., 1989. Handbook of Homeopathy.

Shingale, J.N., 1992. Bedside Prescriber.

Smith, Trevor, 1989. Homeopathic Medicine.

Ullman, Dana, 1991. The One Minute (or so) Healer.

Herbal Approaches

----------
Herbs
-----------


Cayenne
Gentian root
Ginger plant
Ginkgo biloba
Echinacea

Phlebitis (German Commission E)

Arnica flower
Melilot (Sweet Clover)

Thrombophlebitis (German Commission E)

Melilot (Sweet Clover)

Note: The misdirected use of an herb can produce severely adverse effects, especially in combination with prescription drugs. This Herbal information is for educational purposes and is not intended as a replacement for medical advice.

References:

Blumenthal, M (Ed.): The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. American Botanical Council. Austin, TX. 1998.

Aromatherapy - Essential Oils

Cypress Essence,Garlic Essence,
Lemon Essence.

Related Health Conditions

Blood clot
Coronary heart disease
Insufficient blood circulation

Abstracts

References

Beaumont, V., et al: Hyperhomocysteinemia, Anti-Estrogen Antibodies and Other Risk Factors For Thrombosis in Women on Oral Contraceptives, Atherosclerosis, 1992;94:147-152.

Bieri, J.G., L. Corash & V.S. Hubbard. Medical Uses of Vitamin E. New England Journal Of Medicine, 308.

Bland, Jeffrey. Nutraerobics. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1983.

Bland, Jeffrey. Medical Applications of Clinical Nutrition. New Canaan, Conn.: Keats, 1983.

Brevetti, G. et al: Increases in walking distance in patients with peripheral vascular disease treated with L-carnitine: a double-blind, cross-over study. Circulation, 1988, 77(4): 767-773.

Brigden-ML : Oral anticoagulant therapy: practical aspects of management. Postgrad-Med. 1996 Jun; 99(6): 81-4, 87-9, 93-4 passim.

Butturini, U.: Vitamins E and A in vascular diseases. Acta Vit. Enz. 1982, 4(1-2): 15-19.

Chamouard P et al., Prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 and thrombin-antithrombin III complex as markers of activation of blood coagulation in inflammatory bowel diseases. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 7(12):1183-8 1995 Dec.

Christie, S.B.M. et al: Observations on the performance of a standard exercise test by claudicants taking gamma linolenic acid. J. Atheroscler. Res. 1986, 8: 83-90.

Clarke, R. et al: Homocysteinemia: a risk factor for vascular disease. NEJM. 1991, 325(13): 966-967.

De Jongste, A.B. et al: A double blind three center trial on the short-term efficacy of o-(beta-hydroxethyl)-rutosides in patients with post-thrombotic syndrome. Throomb. Haemost. 1989, 62(3): 826-829.

Ford EG: Nutrition support of pediatric patients. Nutr Clin Pract, 11(5):183-91 1996 Oct.

Haeger, K. Long-time treatment of intermittent claudication with vitamin E. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1974, 27(10): 1,179-1,181.

Haeger, K. Long-Term Study of Intermittent Claudication and Tocopherol. Annals Of The New York Academy Of Sciences, 1982, 393: 369-375.

Howard, J.M.H.: Magnesium deficiency in peripheral vascular disease. J. Nutr. Med. 1990, 1: 39-49.

Hunchinson, K. Et al: Effects of dietary manipulation on vascular status of patients with peripheral vascular disease. JAMA. 259(24): 3,326-3,230.

Kamada, T. et al: Dietary sardine oil increases erythrocyte membrane fluidity in diabetic patients. Diabetes, 1986, 35: 604.

Kanofsky, J.D. & Kanofsky, P.B.: Prevention of thromboembolic disease by vitamin E. NEJM. 1981, 305: 173-174. (Letter)

Koksoy-C et al: The risk factors in central venous catheter-related thrombosis. Aust-N-Z-J-Surg. 1995 Nov; 65(11): 796-8.

Marks, J.: Critical appraisal of the therapeutic value of alpha-tocopherol. Vitamin. Hormones, 1962, 20: 573-598.

Matsusue-S et al: Preventive effect of simultaneously infused lipid emulsion against thrombophlebitis during postoperative peripheral parenteral nutrition. Surg-Today. 1995; 25(8): 667-71.

McCarty MF: Fish oil may be an antidote for the cardiovascular risk of smoking. Med Hypotheses, 46(4):337-47 1996 Apr.

McCully, K.S. & Wilson, R.B. : Homocysteine theory of arteriosclerosis. Atherosclerosis, 1975,22(2): 215-227.

Menger MD et al., Capillary dysfunction in striated muscle ischemia/reperfusion: on the mechanisms of capillary "no-reflow". Shock, 8(1):2-7 1997 Jul.

Newman, A.: Fish Oil and Aspirin: An Effect of Antiplatelet Therapy. Family Practice News, December 1, 1992;9.

Ochsner, A.: Preventing and treating venous thrombosis. Postgrad Med. 1968, 44(1): 91-95.

O’Hara, J. et al: The therapeutic efficacy of of inositol nicotinate (Hexopal) in intermittent claudication: a controlled trial. Br. J. Clin. Pract. 1988, 42: 377-383.

Ovesen, L. Vitamin Therapy in the Absence of Obvious Deficiency. Drugs, 27. 1984.

Payne-James-JJ & Khawaja-HT : First choice for total parenteral nutrition: the peripheral route. JPEN-J-Parenter-Enteral-Nutr. 1993 Sep-Oct; 17(5): 468-78.

Piesse, J.W.: Vitamin E and peripheral vascular disease. Int. Clin. Nutr. Rev. 1984, 4(4): 178-182.

Prescott, S. M.: What Are the Effects of Dietary Fatty Acid Modification on Platelet Eicosanoid Metabolism, Platelet-Activating Factor and Platelet Function? How Might These Metabolic Alterations Influence Thrombosis? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1992;56:801S-802S.

Renaud, S: Dietary fatty acids and platelet function. Proc. Nutr. Soc. Aust. 1985, 10: 1-13.

Reynolds-JV et al: Randomised comparison of silicone versus Teflon cannulas for peripheral intravenous nutrition. Ann-R-Coll-Surg-Engl. 1995 Nov; 77(6): 447-9.

Roberts, H.J. : Thrombophlebitis associated with vitamin E therapy. Angiology, 1979, 30(3): 169-177.

Schulman-S et al: Influence of changes in lifestyle on fibrinolytic parameters and recurrence rate in patients with venous thromboembolism. Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis. 1995 Jun; 6(4): 311-6.

Selhub J; & D'Angelo A: Hyperhomocysteinemia and thrombosis: acquired conditions. Thromb Haemost, 78(1):527-31 1997 Jul.

Singh RB et al., Randomized, controlled trial of antioxidant vitamins and cardioprotective diet on hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress, and development of experimental atherosclerosis: the diet and antioxidant trial on atherosclerosis (DATA). Cardiovasc Drugs Ther, 9(6):763-71 1995 Dec.

Tyson, V.C.H.: Treatment of intermittent claudication. Practitioner, 1979, 223: 121-126.

Vorster HH et al., Diet and haemostasis: time for nutrition science to get more involved. Br J Nutr, 77(5):671-84 1997 May.

Walji, Hasnain. 1994. Heart Health. A Self-help Guide to combining Orthodox & Complementary Approaches . Hodder Headline Plc.London.

Williams-N et al: Prolonged with an ultrafine cannula and low-osmolality feed. Br-J-Surg. 1996 Jan; 83(1): 114-6.

Willis, G.C. : The reversibility of atherosclerosis. Can. Med. Assn. J. 1957:106-109.

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