Non-fuel Nutrients
Definition
Exercising athletes have higher requirements of, and often suffer deficiencies of many non-fuel essential nutrients: vitamins, especially water soluble ones, minerals and trace elements. Addition of minerals, trace elements and vitamins effectively protects an exercising athlete and acts synergistically with proteins for "muscle building", improved sport performance, and increased recovery after injuries.
VitaminsMinerals
Trace Minerals
Several other minerals are known as nutrients (in negligible quantities), but their roles are still under research.
Nickel is recognized as important to many body tissues, especially the liver and other organs.
Silicon may be involved in bone calcification.
Tin may be necessary for proper growth.
Vanadium is needed for growth, bone development, and normal reproduction.
Cobalt is part of vitamin B-12 (cobalamin).
Boron may also be important in bone development and to minimize osteoporosis.
It may be many elements, some of which are deadly in small quantities, may be essential in minute quantities, including:
| silver | mercury |
| lead | barium |
| cadmium | arsenic |
References
Dillard, C.J., Litov, R.E., Savin, W.M., Dumelin, E.E., & Tappel, A.L., Effects of Exercise, Vitamin E, and Ozone on Pulmonary Function and Lipid Peroxidation. Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory, Environmental, Exercise Physiology, 1978, 45, 927-932.
Linder, Maria. Nutrtional Biochemistry and Metabolism with Clinical Applications. 1985. Elsevier, New York. pp.15-31; 33-39; 51-56; 69-73.
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