Hyperthyroidism
Grave's Disease
Smoking
Smoking greatly increased the risk of Graves' ophthalmology, but patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism alone were also more often smokers than control subjects. Smoking was not associated with other thyroid diseases evaluated. Patients with Graves' ophthalmology who were smokers had more severe eye disease than nonsmokers.
Smoking appears to be one of multiple factors causing Graves' disease in genetically predisposed individuals.
"Smoking and the Risk of Graves' Disease", Prummel, Mark F., MD, Ph.D. and Wiersinga, Wilmar M., MD, Ph.D., JAMA, January 27, 1993;269(4):479-482.
Vegan & Hyperthyroidism
The vegans had a 47% higher mean thyroid stimulating hormone than the omnivores. Five vegans, but none of the omnivores, had thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations greater than the upper limit of 5 mU/l. It is noted that elevated thyroid stimulating hormone can be the result of too little, as well as too much iodine. It was discovered that 3 vegans with the highest values of thyroid stimulating hormone used regular kelp tablets or kelp powder. After taking thIs into consideration, mean thyroid stimulating hormone concentration was 29% higher in the vegetarians than the omnivores. Thus, kelp can raise thyroid stimulating hormone.
"Raised Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Associated With Kelp Intake in British Vegan Men", Key, T., et al, Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 1992;5:323-326.
Iodine & Hyperthyroidism
The frequency of this condition in a non-iodine-deficient area appears related to the more common occurrence of autonomous thyroid nodules in the elderly. Performance of contrast radiography is more common in this age group. Recognition and treatment of iodine- induced thyrotoxicosis are of increasing importance.
"Iodine-Induced Hyperthyroidism Due to Nonionic Contrast Radiography in the Elderly", Martin, F. Ian R., et al, The American Journal of Medicine, July 1993;95:78-81.
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