Abstracts
Antimutagenic
Antimutagenic
Studies have shown that there are many substances that can interfere with the actions of carcinogens and mutagens. Porphyrins, which often are constituents of diet, are a class of such inhibitors. Hemin can inhibit selectively the activity of mutagens having polycyclic structures by forming complexes with them. A survey of porphyrins for similar effects has been done in our laboratory and it was found that chlorophyll and chlorophyllin act like hemin. These green pigments are antimutagenic in Salmonella and in Drosophila. Work from other laboratories also has supported the antimutagenic character of chlorophyllin. The possibility of modifying human exposure to carcinogens by use of these porphyrins is discussed.
Hayatsu-H; Negishi-T; Arimoto-S; Hayatsu-T: Porphyrins as potential inhibitors against exposure to carcinogens and mutagens. Mutat-Res. 1993 Nov; 290(1): 79-85
Atherosclerosis and Chlorophyll
Atherosclerosis
The effect of Cuprofilin, a newly synthesized C.(II)-chlorophyll complex, was assessed in rats with experimental atherosclerosis. The study was focused on changes in serum cholesterol, lipids, and triglycerides concentration as well as on serum and abdominal aorta Cu and Zn values.
Cuprofilin, administered for 90 d in the group of animals with experimental atherosclerosis, significantly decreased the serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and serum lipid values, increased copper content in aortic tissue and lowered serum copper concentration as compared to the untreated group. Moreover, in the aorta of administered animals the lipid infiltration has been demonstrated to be significantly diminished vs the untreated group.
Effect of cuprofilin on experimental atherosclerosis. Vlad-M et al., Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 1995 Apr; 48(1): 99-109.
Biosynthesis
Biosynthesis
Flowering plants require light for chlorophyll synthesis. Early studies indicated that the dependence on light for greening stemmed in part from the light-dependent reduction of the chlorophyll intermediate protochlorophyllide to the product chlorophyllide. Light-dependent reduction of protochlorophyllide by flowering plants is contrasted by the ability of nonflowering plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria to reduce protochlorophyllide and, hence, synthesize (bacterio) chlorophyll in the dark.
A prokaryotic origin for light-dependent chlorophyll biosynthesis of plants. Suzuki-JY; Bauer-CE. Proc-Natl-Acad-Sci-U-S-A. 1995 Apr 25; 92(9): 3749-53.
Cancer & Chlorophyll
Cancer
Dietary habits of patients with colon and rectal cancer reveal that they consumed on average less raw vegetables than noncancerous individuals. Chlorophyll is the major active factor. As the chlorophyll content increases, so does the inhibitory activity. The only exception is brussel sprouts. The inhibitory activity is less than expected, possibly due to residual histadine.
Lai, CN et al., Antimutagenic activities of common vegetables and their chlorophyll content. Mutation Res. 1980(77):245-50.
Chlorophyllin (1)
Chlorophyllin (1)
Chlorophyllin, a copper/sodium salt of chlorophyll used in the treatment of geriatric patients, inhibits the mutagenicity of 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ), 3-amino-1-methyl-5H- pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-2), aflatoxin B1 and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P).
Non-specific inhibition of cytochrome P450 activities by chlorophyllin in human and rat liver microsomes. Yun-CH; Jeong-HG; Jhoun-JW; Guengerich-FP. Carcinogenesis. 1995 Jun; 16(6): 1437-40.
Chlorophyll a biosynthesis is presently interpreted in terms of two different biochemical pathways. According to one pathway, chlorophyll a is made via a single linear chain of reactions starting with divinylprotoporphyrin IX and ending with monovinylchlorophyll a.
Chlorophyll a biosynthetic heterogeneity. Rebeiz-CA; Parham-R; Fasoula-DA; Ioannides-IM. Ciba-Found-Symp. 1994; 180: 177-89; discussion 190-3.
Diet & Cancer
Diet & cancer (trout)
Epidemiological and experimental evidence indicates a strong relationship between diet and cancer. Examined the potential of chlorophyllin (CHL), a food-grade derivative of the ubiquitous green plant pigment chlorophyll, to inhibit experimental carcinogenesis. We report that CHL is a potent, dose-responsive inhibitor of aflatoxin B1 DNA adduction and hepatocarcinogenesis in the rainbow trout model when fed with carcinogen.
The finding of potent inhibition (up to 77%) at CHL levels well within the chlorophyll content of some green leafy vegetables may have important implications in intervention and dietary management of human cancer risks.
Dietary chlorophyllin is a potent inhibitor of aflatoxin B1 hepatocarcinogenesis in rainbow trout. Breinholt-V et al., Cancer-Res. 1995 Jan 1; 55(1): 57-62.
Mutagenicity
Mutagenicity
Three compounds, capsaicin, thymol and borneol, were initially screened for mutagenic activity using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA97, TA98 and TA100, with and without S9 metabolic activation, and 20 min standard preincubation time.
Naturally occurring capsaicin, found in the spice Capsicum annum, was detected and quantified using thin layer and gas chromatographic techniques.
Chlorophyll can successfully suppress the mutagenicity activities of capsaicin and 2-aminoanthracene, together with other antimutagenic factors that were present in the acetone extract of C. annum.
Mutagenicity and antimutagenicity testing of six chemicals associated with the pungent properties of specific spices as revealed by the Ames Salmonella/microsomal assay. Azizan-A & Blevins-RD: Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1995 Feb; 28(2): 248-58.
The edible parts of 13 fruits--apples, apricots, bananas, blackberries, sweet cherries, red currants, white grapes, oranges, peaches, pears, plums, raspberries, and strawberries--and of 12 vegetables--asparagus, green beans, broccoli, brussels sprouts, red and white cabbage, carrots, cauliflower, onions, green peppers, spinach, and tomatoes--were squeezed in order to separate juices and residues.
Taken together, antimutagenic activities were present in 32 of 36 subfractions, corresponding to 88.9%. In the green vegetables beans, broccoli, and spinach the known antimutagen chlorophyll was proven to contribute considerably to antimutagenic potency. Other important contributions may be caused by various fibers: (I) antimutagenicity of fruit and vegetable solvent extracts was extensively heat stable; (II) heating surprisingly caused an increase of antimutagenic potencies or generated new antimutagenic activities in several solvent fractions, especially of broccoli, white and red cabbage.
Modifying actions of solvent extracts from fruit and vegetable residues on 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) and 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) induced mutagenesis in Salmonella typhimurium TA 98. Edenharder-R et al., Mutat-Res. 1995 Feb; 341(4): 303-18.
Sewage
Sewage
Sewage waste disposal facilities in the Florida Keys include septic tanks and individual package plants in place of municipal collection facilities in most locations. In Key Largo, both facilities discharge into the extremely porous Key Largo limestone. To determine contamination, we examined the presence of microbial indicators commonly found in sewage (e.g. fecal coliforms) and aquatic microbial parameters (e.g. chlorophyll a) in injection well effluent.
Results suggest that fecal contamination of the shallow onshore aquifer, parts of the nearshore aquifer, and certain surface waters has occurred.
Occurrence of fecal indicator bacteria in surface waters and the subsurface aquifer in Key Largo, Florida. Paul-JH et al., Appl-Environ-Microbiol. 1995 Jun; 61(6): 2235-41.
AIDS & Chlorophyll
AIDS
A three-color flow cytometric determination of CD4 T-lymphocytes on whole "blood" specimens from "AIDS" patients which contain a high proportion of non-"lymphocyte" elements is described. Peripheral blood cells were stained by a three-color method using monoclonal antibodies conjugated respectively with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-CD3, phycoerythrin (PE)-CD4 and peridinin chlorophyll "protein" (PerCP)-CD45.
This method gives successful analysis of CD4 T-lymphocytes in AIDS blood specimens contaminated with an unusually large number of non-"lymphocytic" cells.
Flow cytometric three-color determination of CD4 T-lymphocytes on blood specimens from AIDS patients who have a large number of contaminating non-lymphocytes. Pattanapanyasat-K et al., Asian-Pac-J-Allergy-Immunol. 1994 Dec; 12(2): 105-9.
Gastrointestinal Cancer
Gastrointestinal Cancer
Reports on an inverse relationship between the consumption of fresh vegetables and human "gastrointestinal" cancer have been followed by screening for the protective activity of a large number of plant extracts, including leafy vegetables. Chlorophyll is ubiquitous in all green plant parts. Chlorophyllins are derivatives of chlorophyll in which the central "magnesium" atom is replaced by other metals, such as "cobalt", copper or "iron". An attempt has been made in this article to review the relative efficacy of chlorophyll and chlorophyllin in modifying the genotoxic effects of various known toxicants.
Sarkar-D; Sharma-A; Talukder-G: Chlorophyll and chlorophyllin as modifiers of genotoxic effects. Mutat-Res. 1994 Dec; 318(3): 239-47
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