Abstracts
Cholesterol (HMB)
Cholesterol
This paper reviews the 7 human studies with HMB and summarizes all the health and safety data generated as well as the muscle and strength gains made with HMB in these studies. The only significant changes in blood chemistry are decreases in total and LDL cholesterol.
The method claims a means to decrease LDL cholesterol in humans with elevated LDL cholesterol levels.
Nissen, S. 1994. A method for decreasing low density cholesterol and total cholesterol in man. U.S. Patent: 5,360,613: (Also filed foreign).
Elderly (HMB)
Elderly
Study 6: In ~70 year old men and women undergoing moderate exercise HMB increased muscle strength and muscle mass over this 8 week study.
Vuckovich, M. D.etal., The effect of dietary ß-hydroxy- ß-methyl butyrate (HMB) on strength gains and body composition changes in older adults. FASEB (In press). 1997.
Endurance (HMB)
Endurance
Study 7: This study showed that HMB supplementation increased endurance as measured by VO2 peak and lactate threshold.
Vuckovich, M. D. & Adams, G. D.: Effect of ß-hydroxy- ß-methyl butyrate (HMB) on VO2 peak and maximal lactate in endurance trained cyclists. Am.Coll.Sports.Med. (In Press)
Stress (HMB)
Stress
In a series of 4 studies young stressed calves were fed HMB or control diets. HMB decreased morbidity by 40% and mortality by 50%.
Van Koevering, M.T. et al.,. Effect of ß-hydroxy ß-methyl butyrate on the health and performance of shipping stressed calves. Oklahoma State Animal Science Research Reports. 1993. pp. 312-316.
Resistance Training
Resistance training
Beta-hydroxy-methyl-butyrate (HMB) may increase fat-free mass in athletic and nonathletic individuals during resistance training. HMB, and other nutrients such as protein, glutamine, creatine, leucine, vanadyl sulfate, boron, prasterone (dehydroepiandrosterone [DHEA]) were tested for their effects on fat-free mass during resistance training. HMB may affect protein synthesis, and was shown to increase fat-free mass. However, the study notes that these results are equivocal and require further testing.
Kreider RB: Dietary supplements and the promotion of muscle growth with resistance exercise, Sports Med 1999 Feb; 27(2): 97-110
Fat Oxidation (HMB)
Fat Oxidation
HMB increased "fat" "oxidation" in muscle.
Abumrad, N. et al., ß-hydroxy ß-methyl butyrate increases "fatty acid" oxidation by muscle cells. FASEB (In Press). 1997.
Muscle Metabolism
Muscle Metabolism
The effects of dietary supplementation of the "leucine" "metabolite", ß-hydroxy- ß-methylbutyrate (HMB), were studied in two experiments.
In study 1 HMB significantly decreased the exercise-induced rise in muscle proteolysis, as measured by "urine" 3-methylhistidine, during the first two weeks of exercise (linear decrease, P < 0.04). Plasma "creatine" phosphokinase was also decreased with HMB supplementation (week 3, linear decrease, P < 0.05). Weight lifted was increased by HMB supplementation when compared with the unsupplemented subjects during each week of the study (linear increase, P < 0.02).
In study 1 subjects (n=41) were randomized among three levels of HMB supplementation (0, 1.5 or 3.0 g HMB/day) and two "protein" levels ("normal", 117 g/day, or "high", 175 g/day) and weight lifted for 1.5 h 3d/wk for three weeks.
HMB significantly decreased the exercise-induced rise in muscle proteolysis(and/or muscle damage) and increased weight lifted as well as larger gains in muscle function.
In study 2 fat free mass was significantly increased in HMB supplemented subjects compared with the unsupplemented group at 2 and 4-6 wk of the study (P < 0.05).
In study 2 subjects (n=28) were fed either 0 or 3.0 g HMB/day and weight lifted for 2-3 h 6 days/wk for 7 wk.
In conclusion, supplementation with either 1.5 or 3 g of HMB/day can partly prevent exercise-induced proteolysis and/or muscle damage and result in larger gains in muscle function associated with resistance training.
Study 3: In this 4 week study HMB feeding resulted in an increased response to exercise relative to strength, body composition and decreased fat in both trained and untrained males.
Study 4 and Study 5: In two separate studies HMB was fed to women. In the first study no exercise was imposed and in the second subjects underwent a 3 times/wk strength training. No effect of HMB on body composition was measured in the non-exercise group but in women undergoing exercise, HMB increased lean gain, fat loss and strength.
Nissen, S., et al., Effect of leucine metabolite ß-hydroxy-ß-methylbutyrate on muscle "metabolism" during resistance-exercise training. J. Appl. Physiol. ,1996, 81(5):2095-2104.
Nissen, S., et al.,. Effect of ß-hydroxy- ß-methyl butyrate (HMB) supplementation on strength and body composition of trained and untrained males undergoing intense resistance training. FASEB J. 1996, 10:A287.
Nissen, S., et al.,. Effect of feeding ß-hydroxy- ß-methyl butyrate (HMB) on body composition and strength of women. FASEB (In press). 1997.
Nissen, S. & Abumrad, N. N.: "Nutritional" role of the leucine metabolite ß-hydroxy ß-methylbutyrate (HMB) J. Nutr. Biochem (in press), 1997.
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