Onion Plant
Botanical Description & Habitat
Allium cepa
Family
Liliaceae
Habitat
Probably native of southwest Asia but is widely cultivated throughout the world.
Description
Has a globose bulb that is an underground part of the stem. Above ground the stem is hollow and blue-green, but not as long as the underground part of the stem. The flowers are greenish-white and bloom from June to August.
Medicinal parts
Flowers
Rind
Bulb harvested midsummer
Historical Properties & Uses
Onion is so often treated as a simple household vegetable, it is sometimes surprising the plant has been used medicinally for hundreds of years. One of its most popular modern uses is to lower blood pressure in the treatment of heart disease. There is some scientific support for this use of onion, but much more work needs to be done to show how effective it is, how much is needed, and what types of preparations are most beneficial.
Onion's common use as an antiseptic is supported by a considerable body of evidence for its antibiotic properties. Onion juice or extract is its customary medicinal form; ie., it is used as a diuretic and expectorant, but these properties have not been scientifically investigated. Other purported properties of onion extract are: anthelmintic (as is garlic), antispasmodic, carminative, stomachic, tonic, and gargle for sore throats.
In modern times, onion is becoming better known for its established effects on blood sugar and cholesterol levels. With its verified hypoglycemic effects and proven (though disputed) hypocholesterlemic properties, onion may have a promising future in the treatment of diabetes and heart disease.
The properties of onion plant and garlic plant are often compared, even equated, but garlic consistently demonstrates stronger effects than onion in almost all comparative trials. Onion possesses many sulfurous compounds, as does garlic; however, garlic's main active component, allicin, lacks the action of onion. The substrate allinin is present in both species; but allinase, the activating enzyme in both onion and garlic, acts only in onion to turn allinin into the "lacrimatory factor," the substance making one cry. At least one team of investigators have failed to demonstrate onion's cholesterol-lowering, anti-platelet aggregation, or fibrinolytic effects, though others have verified those properties.
The onion bulb has approval status by the German Commission E for loss of appetite (see under appetite disorders) and atherosclerosis.
References:
Blumenthal, M (Ed.): The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. American Botanical Council. Austin, TX. 1998.
Method of Action
Onion has a confirmed and distinct hypoglycemic action
The hypoglycemic activity of onion was first observed in 1923 in fasting and depancreatized animals. Over the years, many experiments have confirmed those findings in experimental animals, diabetic patients and in healthy subjects.
The active ingredient appears to be allyl propyl disulfide (APDS), though other active sulfurous compounds are probably present. Extracts of the bulb, when administered orally or injected subcutaneously into rabbits, show an action similar to that of insulin. Oral administration of 0.25 g/kg was shown to produce an equivalent lowering of blood glucose as the same dose of tolbutamide.
In addition to the hypoglycemic substance, a substance that raises blood sugar is also present. Ether-soluble and steam-volatile fractions of onion contain both hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic factors; the hypoglycemic activity is dominant. In six normal healthy subjects, 20-40 years old, serving as their own controls, APDS in a dose of 0.125 g/50 kg body weight significantly lowered blood glucose values and raised serum insulin levels, while free fatty acid levels did not alter.
During control periods, there was no significant fall of blood glucose, but there was a significant fall in serum insulin levels, and a rise of free fatty acid levels. These results suggest the hypoglycemic effect of onion is due to a rise in the insulin level. It is not clear whether the rise is due to increased insulin secretion or decreased insulin degradation rate. However, the affinity of APDS for -SH groups plus the fact many insulin inactivators possess the -SH group suggests APDS acts by competing with insulin for -SH groups.
Studies such as these may provide a basis for dietary supplementation of onion compounds in diabetics to reduce dependence on drugs.
In India, studies with pakora (fried onion) have found this product lowers blood-glucose levels in clinical diabetes. In another clinical study, the juice-expressed residue of onion, when fed to diabetic patients along with their food, controlled their hyperglycemia effectively. Many more controlled clinical are needed before the use of onion can be unconditionally recommended as a substitute for insulin therapy.
Onion essential oils may lower cholesterol levels
The role of onion in lowering cholesterol levels, increasing fibrinolytic activity, and altering the course of atherogenesis is the subject of controversy. Some researchers say it does, while others say it doesn't. The issue remains unresolved, but the evidence presently seems to favor the positive effects.
The following sections, positive effects are listed under sub-paragraphs +, while negative findings are listed under sub-paragraphs -.
+ The effects of onion's essential oil were investigated in cholesterol-fed rabbits, using clofibrate as a control. The marked rise in serum cholesterol and blood coagulability which followed three months of cholesterol feeding (0.2 g/kg/day) were significantly minimized by the essential oil of onion (and of the garlic plant). Fibrinolytic activity was increased, even above the normal control levels. The essential oil of onion proved more effective than clofibrate, but not as effective as garlic. No signs of toxicity were observed.
In another study, long term feeding of allyl propyl disulfide, isolated from onion, to normal growing rats led to significant decreases in serum and liver lipids. This lipid-lowering effect was more pronounced in the liver than in the serum. The chemical did not affect protein or blood sugar levels.
- In a four month study, the administration of onion to rabbits being fed cholesterol did not affect the total, free, ester cholesterol and phospholipids, or the development of atherosclerosis in the aorta. Similar findings were obtained in long-term studies with rats.
+ Onion beneficially affects the course of atherosclerosis. In cholesterol-fed rabbits, histopathological evidence of aortic atherosclerosis in the aorta was significantly reduced by simultaneous adminstration of onion's essential oil. No side effects were observed.
The essential oil of onion (and the garlic plant) may protect against experimental atherosclerosis by preventing the fall in alpha lipoprotein fraction and by enhancing fibrinolytic activity, as well as by lowering serum cholesterol and triglycerides levels. This suggestion is based on further observations cholesterol feeding raised beta-lipoproteins even in onion-fed animals (but to a much lesser extent), and raised the pre-beta-fraction by 185% in all animals; however, in the atheroma control group, the alpha-lipoprotein fraction decreased by 69.4%, while in the cholesterol-plus-onion group this fraction decreased by only 35% after four months. This indicates the decrease in alpha-lipoprotein, induced by cholesterol feeding, was significantly prevented when onion was simultaneously added to the diet.
In a study on 40 healthy adult males, all were fed a fat-rich diet containing about 100 g of fat and of a total caloric value of approximately 1,000. Blood samples were collected at 2 and 4 hours.
On a subsequent date the same patients were fed the same meal with the addition of 60 g. fried onions. The whole onions were lightly fried in butter with an outer coating of chick-pea flour (Hindu "Besan"). Findings indicated the mean total serum cholesterol increased by 13 mg. percent and 33 mg. percent 2 and 4 hours respectively after the fatty diet (19 mg percent and 32 mg percent in patients over forty). When onion was given with the diet, there was a fall in mean serum cholesterol concentrations by 11 mg. and 9 mg. at 2 and 4 hours (8 g. at 4 hours in patients over 40). The fried onion also prevented the otherwise observed lowering of fibrinolytic activity, increase of plasma fibrinogen, and decrease in platelet aggregation time.
- In this study, onion did not affect the course of atherogenesis at all. Onion was simultaneously fed to cholesterol-fed rabbits for four months at a dose of 10 cc./day of juice obtained from expressing raw onion bulbs. Histopathological findings showed increased serum lipids, with or without onion juice, were associated with increased tissue cholesterol in aorta and liver with marked atherosclerotic lesions. In rats, similar results were obtained. Onion did not satisfactorily prevent hyperglobulinaemia and A/G reversal caused by cholesterol.
+ Onion has fibrinolytic and antiplatelet aggregation activity. In cholesterol-fed rabbits, onion markedly increased fibrinolytic activity and greatly reduced blood coagulability as compared to controls.
In one study, fibrinolytic activity decreased by 45% in the cholesterol-fed rabbits, but actually increased by 19% in the onion fed group.
In a recent study, onion was found to inhibit aggregation induced by ADP, epinephrine, collagen, and arachidonate in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. A modest inhibition of thromboxane synthesis in washed platelets from labelled AA could be obtained, but only a high doses. Moderate doses inhibited biosynthesis of prostacyclin in rat aorta from labelled AA, but was ineffective in inhibiting prostacyclin synthesis from endogenous AA in rat aorta. Similar results have been obtained from, other studies.
Twenty-two convalescent patients at rest were given a fat-enriched breakfast with and without the addition of 60 g fried or boiled onions. Both forms of onion prevented the expected decrease in fibrinolytic activity, and the latter actually increased that activity.
In a similar study, both fried and boiled onions caused a marked increase in fibrinolytic activity following a fat-enriched breakfast.
Onion may lower blood pressure
Although much is known about garlic's ability to lower blood pressure, this property in onion has not been investigated directly. Onion contains an amount of prostaglandin A1(PGA1). PGA1 and other prostaglandins are physiologically active compounds. Injected intravenously, PGA1 lowers blood pressure in animals and humans. PGA2 lowers blood pressure when administered orally. There is a chance, therefore, orally-administered onion may lower blood pressure.
Onion possesses considerable antibiotic activity
Onion is active against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, B. abortus, Pseudomonas pyocyaneus, Salmonella typhi, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus communis, T. glabrata, and Candida albicans. At least one comprehensive investigation found no antibiotic effect in onion against gram negative organisms, but other researchers have found the herb effective at least against Escherichia coli. Onion was found to be one of the most powerful antibiotics against S. aureus and Brucella abortus, being effective in dilutions as great as 1:1.6 million.
Other hormonal properties of onion
In addition to its hypoglycemic effect, onion juice fed to rats produced testosterone-like effects, increasing seminal weight in castrated and non-castrated males. It also demonstrated a growth hormone-like effect by increasing the growth rate in young rats. It possessed an oxytoxic action when tested in vitro on the rat uterus at various stages of the sex cycle.
Miscellaneous properties of onion
An interesting review on the chemical and medicinal aspects of onion asserts onion stimulates hair growth and is an effective antioxidant. In another study, a 70% solution of the tissue juices of onion and garlic in distilled water was used for the treatment of 45 patients with phlegmon of the neck. It was applied following surgery on the lesion and was also injected intramuscularly or intravenously 3 times daily. All of the patients were discharged from the clinic in good condition. The number of bed-days averaged 8.5.
Drug Interactions & Precautions
Known Interactions
Diuretics such as onion may potentiate the action of antihypertensive, ganglionic or peripheral adrenergic blocking drugs, tubocurarine and, to a lesser degree, norepinephrine.
Possible Interactions
Veratrum alkaloids may potentiate the activity of onions up to 50%. The weak antithrombotic effect of the herb may also be increased by concomitant administration of anabolic steroids, antidiabetics, clofibrate, dextrothyroxine, disulfiram, phenlybutazone, salicylates, and thyroid preparations.
Other agents which may increase the antithrombotic effect of onions are: allopurinol, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, ethacrynic acid, and glucagon.
Constituents of this herb have antithyroid activity and may, therefore, interfere with the action of thyroid drugs.
By sequestering onion, mineral oil may reduce the herb's anthelmintic effect. The same may be true, to a lesser extent, of antacids.
Two ounces or more of boiled or fried onions, added to a fat-enriched meal, increases fibrinolytic activity, thus potentiating anticoagulants.
Comments
The antidiabetic ability of onions may be decreased by the concomitant use of acetazolamide, oral contraceptives, corticosteroids, dextrothyroxine, epinephrine, ethanol, glucagon, and marijuana.
The antidiabetic effects of the herb may also be decreased when used in conjunction with phenothiazines, rifampin, thiazide diuretics, and thyroid hormones.
Conversely, the antidiabetic action of onions may be enhanced when used with allopurinol, anabolic steroids, chloramphenicol, clofibrate, fenfluramine, guanethidine, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI's), phenylbutazone, probenecid, and phenyramidol.
The antidiabetic action of the onion may also be enhanced when used in conjunction with salicylates, sulfinpyrazone, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines.
There is evidence to show combined use of bactericidal and bacteriostatic agents will lower the effectiveness of the bacteriostatic agent. However, how this finding applies to herbal anti-infectives is not known.
Safety Factors & Toxicity
Onion has no known toxicity. Individuals with hypoglycemia should avoid using too much onion.
This herb has approval status by the German Commission E.
The German Commission E recommends a limited strength for the use of this herb over a period of several months: 0.035 g of diphenylamine.
References:
Blumenthal, M (Ed.): The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. American Botanical Council. Austin, TX. 1998.
Preparation & Administration
Bulb
50-150 grams per day
This herb has approval status by the German Commission E.
Recommended daily dosages in Germany are as follows:
5- g fresh onions.
20 g dried onions.
The German Commission E recommends a limited strength for using this herb over a period of several months: 0.035 g of diphenylamine.
References:
Blumenthal, M (Ed.): The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. American Botanical Council. Austin, TX. 1998.
Note: This Herbal Preparation information is a summary of data from books and articles by various authors. It is not intended to replace the advice or attention of health care professionals.
References
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Essential Oil
See Onion Essence under Aromatherapy
Multimedia
Allium cepa
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